MercoPress. South Atlantic News Agency

Mexico has its oil protected by a sovereign hedge ensuring against low prices

For the last two decades, Mexico has bought so-called Asian style put options from a small group of investment banks and oil companies

While Mexico and Saudi Arabia fought over a deal to bring the oil-price war to an end, Mexico has a powerful defense: a massive Wall Street hedge shielding it from low prices. The Mexican sovereign oil hedge, which ensures the country against low prices and is considered a state secret, is a factor that may make the country less inclined to accept the OPEC+ agreement.

For the last two decades, Mexico has bought so-called Asian style put options from a small group of investment banks and oil companies, in what's considered Wall Street's largest - and most closely guarded - annual oil deal.

The options give Mexico the right to sell its oil at a predetermined price. They are the equivalent of an insurance policy: the country banks all gains from higher prices but enjoys the security of a minimum floor. So if oil prices remain weak or plunge even further, Mexico will still book higher prices.

The hedge isn't the only reason Mexico is holding out. But it strengthened the country's hand and made it less desperate for a deal than countries whose budgets have been ravaged by the collapse in oil prices since the start of the year - first because of the coronavirus and then because of the price war launched by Saudi Arabia.

The main reason driving President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, a left-wing populist, to resist the deal is his pledge to revive oil production via state-owned Petroleos Mexicanos, Pemex.

That is why slashing 400,000 barrels a day to comply with the OPEC+ deal, rather than the 100,000 barrels a day that Mexico counter-offered and was finally accepted, avoids putting on hold his ambitious plan to return Pemex to its former glory.

The hedge has shielded Mexico in every downturn over the last 20 years: it made US$5.1 billion when prices crashed in 2009 during the global financial crisis, and it received US$6.4 billion in 2015 and another US$2.7 billion in 2016 after Saudi Arabia waged another price war.

The operation comes at a cost. In recent years, Mexico has spent about US$1 billion annually buying the options.

“The insurance policy isn't cheap,” Mexican Finance Minister Arturo Herrera told broadcaster Televisa on March 10. “But it's insurance for times like now. Our fiscal budget isn't going to be hit.”

Pemex, the state-owned company, has its own separate, smaller oil hedge. This year, Pemex hedged 234,000 barrels a day at an average of US$49 a barrel.

Mexico has disclosed very few details about its insurance for 2020 after it declared the sovereign hedge a state secret. However, based on limited public information, alongside historical data about previous years, it's possible to make a rough estimate of the potential payout if prices remain low.'

The government told lawmakers it has guaranteed revenues to support the assumptions for oil prices made in the country's budget - of US$49 a barrel for the Mexican oil export basket, equivalent to about US$60-US$65 a barrel for Brent crude.

It locks in that revenue via two elements: the hedge, and the country's oil stabilization fund. The fund historically has only provided US$2-US$5 a barrel, so it's realistic to assume that Mexico hedged at US$45 a barrel at least for its crude.

In the past, Mexico has hedged around 250 million barrels, equal to nearly all its net oil exports in an operation that runs from Dec 1 to Nov 30.

Using all those elements, a rough calculation suggests that if the Mexican oil export basket were to remain at current levels, the country would receive a multi-billion dollar payout. Since December, the Mexican oil basket has averaged US$42 a barrel.